Malcolm II of Alba, King of SCOTLAND [Parents] [scrapbook] ^{1, 2} was born ³ about 954 in Scotland, United Kingdom. He died ⁴ on 25 Nov 1034 in Glamis Castle, Angus, Forfarshire, Scotland, United Kingdom. He was buried in Isle of Iona, Argyllshire, Scotland, United Kingdom.

Conquered Lothian 1018. King of Alba, King of Strathclyde. Said to have married an Irishwoman from Ossory. Killed by his kinsman.

Malcolm, son of Kenneth II, took advantage of the fact that the English were preoccupied with Danish raids and marched south, winning the Battle of Carham against the Angles in 1018 and thereby regaining Lothian. Thirteen years later, however, King Canute invaded Scotland, probably because Malcolm had been making alliances with the Danes, and forced the Scottish king to submit to him (submission was a traditional expression of personal homage). However, Canute seems to have recognised Malcolm's possession of Lothian. In the west, Malcolm had the alliance of Strathclyde, whilst the marriage of his daughter to Sigurd the Stout, Norse Earl of Orkney, extended Malcolm's influence to the far north. Malcolm died at Glamis, Angus on 25 November 1034, aged at least 80.

After Malcolm II's reign, Scottish succession was based on the principle of direct descent. (Previously, succession was determined by tanistry - during a king's lifetime an heir was chosen and known as tanaiste rig - 'second to the king'.

Kenneth II of Alba, King of SCOTLAND [Parents] ^{1, 2} died ³ in 995 in Finela's Castle, Fettercain, Kincardine, Scotland, United Kingdom.

King of Alba. said to have married a princes of Leinster.

Kenneth was the brother of Dubh. In 973 he acknowledged King Edgar of England as his lord in return for recognition that the Scots now held Lothian, which they had seized from the Angles. In about 994, however, he broke his promise to keep the peace and invaded England. He was defeated, and lost Lothian again. He killed Culen's brother in 977 and was himself killed in 995 in a blood feud at Fettercairn, Kincardineshire by Culen's son, Constantine.

Malcolm I of Alba, King of SCOTLAND [Parents] ^{1, 2} was born in 897 in Scotland, United Kingdom. He died ³ in 954 in Fordoun, Kincardineshire, Scotland, United Kingdom. He was buried in Isle of Iona, Argyllshire, Scotland, United Kingdom.

King of Alba.

Malcolm was the son of Donald II. He may have supported the establishment of a Danish kingdom of York in the 940s, and he harried the north of England. He was killed in battle, possibly at Fetteresso, Kincardineshire by rebels from Moray.

DEATH: Died in battle.

Donald II of Alba, King of ALBA [Parents] ^{1, 2} was born about 862 in Scotland, United Kingdom. He died ³ in 900 in Dun-fother, Forres, Morayshire, Scotland, United Kingdom. He was buried in Isle of Iona, Argyllshire, Scotland, United Kingdom.

Killed in battle.

Donald, son of Constantine I, struggled to repel the Norse invasions. He died at Forres, Moray in 900.

Constantine I of Alba, King of SCOTLAND [Parents] ^{1, 2} was born in 836 in Scotland, United Kingdom. He died ³ in 877 in Inverdovat, Forgan, Fifeshire, Scotland, United Kingdom. He was buried in Isle of Iona, Argyllshire, Scotland, United Kingdom.

King of the Picts & Scots. King of Alba. Weir says he was killed in a battle against the Danes at Inverdorat, the Black Cove, Angus

CONSTANTINE II (r. 900-43)

He ruled for over 40 years, repelling Norse raids and launching a series of invasions of Northumbria. In an attempt to establish a more stable relationship with the Norsemen of Ireland, Constantine married his daughter to Olaf III Guthfrithsson in the 930s. This dynastic marriage may have also had the intention of checking the advance of Wessex in northern England - if so, it failed. Constantine was finally defeated in 937 by the Anglo-Saxon king Athelstan at the Battle of Brunanburh, where his eldest son was killed. He abdicated in 943, entered a Culdee monastery in St Andrews, Fife and died in 952.

MacAlpin, Kenneth I, King of SCOTLAND [Parents] ^{1, 2} was born in 810 in Scotland, United Kingdom. He died ³ in 859 in Forteviot, Perthshire, Scotland, United Kingdom. He was buried in Isle of Iona, Argyllshire, Scotland, United Kingdom.

Burke calls him Kenneth II. Kings of Picts & Alba. King of Galloway.
See Europäisch Stammtafeln Band II tafel 67.

KENNETH I (r. 843-58)

Kenneth, son of Alpin, King of Scotia succeeded his father in 843. He defeated the Picts about 843, uniting them with the Scots in the new kingdom of Alba, which comprised a large part of present day Scotland. Sources for the period disagree about the exact date of his victory, but Kenneth features as a notable warrior who reputedly invaded Northumbria six times and fought off attacks by the Britons of Strathclyde as well as by the Norsemen. Using dynastic marriage to solve the problem, Kenneth married his daughter to Rhun, the Strathclyde king. Because of the Norse threat to Iona, the burial place of St Columba (an Irish Scot who brought Christianity to Alba), he removed the saint's relics to a new church which he founded in Pictland at Dunkeld, Perthshire. However, Iona continued to be the burial place of Scottish kings even after St Columba's relics were moved, until the eleventh century. Kenneth died in 858 at Forteviot, near Perth, probably of a tumour.

Alpin of Kintyre, King of SCOTLAND ^{1, 2} was born about 778 in Scotland, United Kingdom. He died on 20 Jul 834 in Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland, United Kingdom.

Killed fighting the Picts. King of Kintyre.

ACCEDED: Beheaded

Ethelred II "The Unready" King of ENGLAND [Parents] [scrapbook] ^{1, 2} was born ³ in 968 in of Wessex, England, United Kingdom. He died ⁴ on 23 Apr 1016 in London, Middlesex, England, United Kingdom. He was buried ⁵ on 23 Apr 1016 in St. Paul's Cathedral, London, England, United Kingdom. Ethelred married Alfgifu (Aelflaed) Queen of ENGLAND ⁶.

ETHELRED II 'THE UNREADY' (r. 979-1013 and 1014-1016)

Ethelred, the younger son of Edgar, became king at the age of seven following the murder of his half-brother Edward II in 978 at Corfe Castle, Dorset, by Edward's own supporters.

For the rest of Ethelred's rule (reigned 978-1016), his brother became a posthumous rallying point for political unrest; a hostile Church transformed Edward into a royal martyr. Known as the Un-raed or 'Unready' (meaning 'no counsel', or that he was unwise), Ethelred failed to win or retain the allegiance of many of his subjects. In 1002, he ordered the massacre of all Danes in England to eliminate potential treachery.

Not being an able soldier, Ethelred defended the country against increasingly rapacious Viking raids from the 980s onwards by diplomatic alliance with the duke of Normandy in 991 (he later married the duke's daughter Emma) and by buying off renewed attacks by the Danes with money levied through a tax called the Danegeld. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 1006 was dismissive: 'in spite of it all, the Danish army went about as it pleased'. By 1012, 48,000 pounds of silver was being paid in Danegeld to Danes camped in London.

In 1013, Ethelred fled to Normandy when the powerful Viking Sweyn of Denmark dispossessed him. Ethelred returned to rule after Sweyn's death in 1014, but died himself in 1016.

Alfgifu (Aelflaed) Queen of ENGLAND ¹. Alfgifu married Ethelred II "The Unready" King of ENGLAND.

Edmund II "Ironsides" King of ENGLAND [Parents] ¹ was born ² in 989 in Wessex, England, United Kingdom. He died ^{3, 4} on 30 Nov 1016 in London, Middlesex, England, United Kingdom. He was buried in Glastonbury Abbey, Somerset, England, United Kingdom. Edmund married Elfgifu (Ealgyth) of MERCIA ^{5, 6}.

EDMUND II IRONSIDE (r. Apr - Nov 1016)

Edmund Ironside was the son of Ethelred 'The Unready' and his first wife, Elfgifu. He made himself ruler in the Danelaw, independent of his father. Canute later defeated him at Ashingdon in Essex, striking a treaty of peace which allowed Edmund to rule in Wessex and Canute to take the rest. Edmund died in 1016.

DEATH: Murdered by Edric Streon, Earl of Mercia, husband of Edgyth, daughter of Ethelred II the Unready

Elfgifu (Ealgyth) of MERCIA ^{1, 2} was born about 994 in London, Middlesex, England, United Kingdom. Elfgifu married Edmund II "Ironsides" King of ENGLAND ³.

Phillip I de FRANCE [Parents] ^{1, 2, 3} was born ^{4, 5} in 1053 in Reims, Champagne, France. He died ^{6, 7} on 29 Jul 1108 in Melun, Île-de-France, France. Phillip married ^{8, 9} Bertha Countess of HOLLAND in 1071.

Bertha Countess of HOLLAND ^{1, 2, 3, 4} was born about 1054 in Vlaardingen, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands. She died ⁵ in 1094 in Montreuil-Sur-Loire, France. Bertha married ^{6, 7} Phillip I de FRANCE in 1071.